Amajwi y'amajwi agaragaza amabanga yo gutinda kw'igihe

Imivuduko ya Attosecondguhishura amabanga yo gutinda igihe
Abahanga mu bya siyansi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, babifashijwemo na attosecond pulses, bahishuye amakuru mashya kuriingaruka z'amashanyarazi:imyuka ihumanya ikirereGutinda kugeza ku masegonda 700, igihe kirekire cyane ugereranyije n’uko byari byitezwe mbere. Ubu bushakashatsi buheruka burwanya ingero z’inyigisho zisanzweho kandi bufasha mu gusobanukirwa neza imikoranire iri hagati ya electron, biganisha ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga nka semiconductors na solar cells.
Ingaruka z'amashanyarazi zigaragaza ko iyo urumuri rumuritse kuri molekile cyangwa atome ku buso bw'icyuma, fotoni ikorana na molekile cyangwa atome ikarekura electron. Iyi ngaruka si imwe mu shingiro ry'ingenzi rya quantum mechanics gusa, ahubwo inagira ingaruka zikomeye kuri fiziki ya none, chimie na siyansi y'ibikoresho. Ariko, muri uru rwego, icyo bita igihe cyo gutinda gusohora imyuka ya foto cyabaye ingingo ivugwaho rumwe, kandi ingero zitandukanye z'inyigisho zabisobanuye ku rwego rutandukanye, ariko nta bwumvikane buhuriweho bwabayeho.
Mu gihe ishami rya siyansi ya attosecond ryateye imbere cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha, iki gikoresho gishya gitanga uburyo budasanzwe bwo gushakisha isi ya mikorosikopi. Mu gupima neza ibintu bibaho mu gihe gito cyane, abashakashatsi bashoboye kubona amakuru menshi ku bijyanye n'imikorere y'uduce duto. Mu bushakashatsi buheruka, bakoresheje urukurikirane rw'imivuduko ya X-ray ikomeye yakozwe n'isoko ry'urumuri rya Stanford Linac Center (SLAC), ryamaze igihe kingana na miliyari imwe gusa y'isegonda (attosecond), kugira ngo bashyiremo ioni muri electron z'ibanze no "gukura" muri molekile yashyushye.
Kugira ngo barusheho gusesengura inzira z'izi electron zarekuwe, bakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo gukururaimitsi ya lasergupima igihe cy’ibyuka bya electron mu byerekezo bitandukanye. Ubu buryo bwabafashije kubara neza itandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y’ibihe bitandukanye biterwa n’imikoranire hagati ya electron, byemeza ko gutinda gushobora kugera ku masegonda 700. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ubu buvumbuzi butemera gusa ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe byabanje, ahubwo bunateza ibibazo bishya, bigatuma inyigisho zijyanye nabyo zigomba kongera gusuzumwa no kuvugururwa.
Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bugaragaza akamaro ko gupima no gusobanura ibi bihe by'ubutinde, ari ingenzi cyane mu gusobanukirwa ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Muri crystallography ya poroteyine, amashusho y'ubuvuzi, n'izindi gahunda z'ingenzi zirimo imikoranire ya X-rays n'ibintu, aya makuru azaba ishingiro ry'ingenzi mu kunoza uburyo bwa tekiniki no kunoza ireme ry'amashusho. Kubwibyo, itsinda rirateganya gukomeza gushakisha imikorere ya elegitoroniki y'ubwoko butandukanye bwa molekile kugira ngo hagaragazwe amakuru mashya yerekeye imyitwarire ya elegitoroniki mu buryo bugoye cyane n'isano ifitanye n'imiterere ya molekile, hagashyirwaho urufatiro rukomeye rw'amakuru mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rijyanye naryo mu gihe kizaza.