Microwave optoelectronics, nk'uko izina ribigaragaza, ni aho mikoroonde ihurira naikoranabuhanga rya optoelectronicsMicrowaves n'imirasire y'urumuri ni imiraba ya elegitoronike, kandi frequencies ziratandukanye cyane, kandi ibice n'ikoranabuhanga byakozwe mu nzego zabyo biratandukanye cyane. Mu buryo buhuriweho, dushobora kubyungukiramo, ariko dushobora kubona porogaramu nshya n'imiterere bitoroshye kugeraho.
Itumanaho ry'amajwini urugero rwiza rw'uruvange rwa mikoroonde na fotoelektroni. Itumanaho rya mbere rya telefoni na telegrafi ridafite insinga, gukora, gukwirakwiza no kwakira ibimenyetso, byose byakoreshejwe mu bikoresho bya mikoroonde. Imiraba ya electromagnetic ifite frequency nke ikoreshwa mu ntangiriro kuko frequency ari nto kandi ubushobozi bwo kohereza ubutumwa ni buke. Umuti ni ukongerera frequency y'ibimenyetso byoherejwe, uko frequency iba nyinshi, ni ko spectrum iba nyinshi. Ariko frequency nyinshi mu gutakaza ikirere ni nini, ariko kandi biroroshye kuziba inzitizi. Iyo insinga ikoreshejwe, gutakaza insinga ni nini, kandi kohereza ubutumwa kure ni ikibazo. Kugaragara kw'itumanaho rya fibre optique ni igisubizo cyiza kuri ibi bibazo.Fibre y'urumuriifite igihombo gito cyane cyo kohereza ubutumwa kandi ni ikigo cyiza cyo kohereza ibimenyetso mu ntera ndende. Ingano y'urumuri rw'imirasire y'urumuri ni nini cyane kurusha iya mikoroonde kandi ishobora kohereza imiyoboro myinshi itandukanye icyarimwe. Kubera izi nyungu zokohereza amakuru ajyanye n'amaso, itumanaho rya fibre optique ryabaye inkingi ikomeye yo kohereza amakuru muri iki gihe.
Itumanaho ry’amajwi rifite amateka maremare, ubushakashatsi n’ikoreshwa ryabyo ni byinshi cyane kandi birakuze, aha si ukuvuga byinshi. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza ahanini ibikubiye mu bushakashatsi bushya bwa microwave optoelectronics mu myaka ya vuba aha uretse itumanaho ry’amajwi. Microwave optoelectronics ikoresha cyane cyane uburyo n’ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rwa optoelectronics nk’umuyoboro kugira ngo inoze kandi igere ku mikorere n’ikoreshwa bigoranye kugerwaho hifashishijwe ibice bisanzwe bya microwave electronic. Ukurikije ikoreshwa, ikubiyemo ahanini ibintu bitatu bikurikira.
Icya mbere ni ugukoresha optoelectronics kugira ngo hakorwe ibimenyetso bya microwave bikora neza kandi bidakoresha urusaku rwinshi, kuva kuri X-band kugeza kuri THz band.
Icya kabiri, gutunganya ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde. Harimo gutinda, kuyungurura, guhindura inshuro, kwakira n'ibindi.
Icya gatatu, kohereza ibimenyetso bya analog.
Muri iyi nkuru, umwanditsi aragaragaza igice cya mbere gusa, ikorwa ry'ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde. Umuraba gakondo wa mikoroonde milimetero ukorwa ahanini n'ibice bya mikoroonde bya iii_V. Imbogamizi zayo zifite ingingo zikurikira: Icya mbere, ku mikoroonde nini nka 100GHz haruguru, mikoroonde gakondo zishobora gutanga imbaraga nkeya, ku kimenyetso cya THz cyo hejuru, ntacyo zishobora gukora. Icya kabiri, kugira ngo bigabanye urusaku rw'ibyiciro no kunoza ubuziranenge bw'imikoroonde, igikoresho cya mbere kigomba gushyirwa ahantu hari ubushyuhe buke cyane. Icya gatatu, biragoye kugera ku buryo butandukanye bwo guhindura frequency. Kugira ngo bikemure ibi bibazo, ikoranabuhanga rya optoelectronic rishobora kugira uruhare. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwasobanuwe hano hepfo.
1. Binyuze mu gutandukanya inshuro z'ibimenyetso bibiri bitandukanye bya laser, icyuma gipima urumuri gifite frequency yo hejuru gikoreshwa mu guhindura ibimenyetso bya microwave, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1.
Ishusho ya 1. Ishusho y'icyitegererezo ya mikoroonde ikorwa n'itandukaniro ry'inshuro ebyiriimirasire ya laser.
Ibyiza by'ubu buryo ni imiterere yoroshye, ishobora gutanga umuraba wa milimetero ifite frequency nyinshi cyane ndetse n'ikimenyetso cya THz, kandi mu guhindura frequency ya laser ishobora gukora urwego runini rwo guhindura frequency vuba, frequency yo gukurura. Ingorane ni uko ubugari bw'umurongo cyangwa urusaku rw'ikimenyetso cy'itandukaniro ry'impinduka gitangwa n'ibimenyetso bibiri bya laser bidafite aho bihuriye ari kinini, kandi frequency yo kudahinduka ntabwo iri hejuru, cyane cyane iyo laser ya semiconductor ifite volume nto ariko ifite linewidth nini (~MHz). Niba ibisabwa ku buremere bwa sisitemu bitari hejuru, ushobora gukoresha laser za solid-state solid-state zidafite urusaku rwinshi (~kHz),laser za fibre, umwobo wo hanzelaser za semiconductor, n'ibindi. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bubiri butandukanye bw'ibimenyetso bya laser bikorerwa mu mwobo umwe wa laser bushobora no gukoreshwa mu gutanga frequency y'itandukaniro, kugira ngo imikorere yo guhagarara kwa frequency ya microwave irusheho kuba myiza cyane.
2. Kugira ngo ikibazo cy'uko lazeri ebyiri mu buryo bwabanje zidahuye kandi urusaku rw'ikimenyetso rutangwa ari runini cyane, ubwumvikane hagati ya lazeri ebyiri bushobora kuboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufunga frequency ya injection cyangwa circuit ya negative feedback phase locking. Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza uburyo busanzwe bwo gufunga icyuma kugira ngo hakorwe microwave multiples (Ishusho ya 2). Mu gushyira ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi menshi muri lazeri semiconductor, cyangwa hakoreshejwe modulator ya LinBO3-phase, ibimenyetso byinshi by'amashanyarazi bitandukanye bifite intera ingana y'ingano y'amashanyarazi bishobora gukorwa, cyangwa optical frequency combs. Birumvikana ko uburyo bukoreshwa cyane kugira ngo haboneke optical frequency comb ni ugukoresha mode-locked laser. Ibimenyetso bibiri by'amashanyarazi mu optical frequency comb bitoranywa binyuze mu kuyungurura no gushyirwa muri lazeri 1 na 2 kugira ngo hamenyekane frequency na phase locking. Kubera ko phazi iri hagati y'ibimenyetso bitandukanye by'amashanyarazi mu optical frequency comb ihamye, ku buryo phazi iri hagati ya lazeri ebyiri ihamye, hanyuma hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutandukanya frequency nk'uko byasobanuwe mbere, ikimenyetso cya microwave cy'amajwi menshi cy'amajwi y ...
Ishusho ya 2. Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'ikimenyetso cyo gukuba kabiri kwa microwave cyakozwe no gufunga frequency ya injection.
Ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya urusaku rw'ingufu za laser ebyiri ni ugukoresha PLL y'amajwi adafite aho ahuriye n'ingufu, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3.
Ishusho ya 3. Ishusho y'icyitegererezo ya OPL.
Ihame rya PLL y'amatara risa n'irya PLL mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga. Itandukaniro ry'icyiciro cya laser ebyiri rihindurwamo ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima urumuri (kingana n'icyuma gipima urumuri), hanyuma itandukaniro ry'icyiciro hagati ya laser ebyiri riboneka binyuze mu gukora frequency y'itandukaniro hamwe n'isoko y'ikimenyetso cya microwave, cyongerwamo imbaraga kandi kigashungurwa hanyuma kigasubizwa ku gice gigenzura frequency cy'imwe muri laser (kuri laser za semiconductor, ni umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi). Binyuze muri urwo ruziga rwo kugenzura feedback rubi, frequency ihuza ibimenyetso bibiri bya laser ifungirwa ku kimenyetso cya microwave. Ikimenyetso cy'urumuri gihujwe gishobora koherezwa binyuze mu migozi y'urumuri kijya kuri fotodecteur ahandi hanyuma kigahindurwamo ikimenyetso cya microwave. Urusaku rw'icyiciro ruvamo rw'ikimenyetso cya microwave rungana n'urusaku rw'icyiciro rwa laser ebyiri zidafite aho zihuriye.
Byongeye kandi, isoko y'ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde ishobora kandi guhindurwa n'izindi soko z'ikimenyetso binyuze mu gukuba kabiri inshuro, gutandukanya inshuro, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya inshuro, kugira ngo ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde gikubye kabiri inshuro nyinshi, cyangwa gihindurwemo ibimenyetso bya RF, THz bifite umurongo wa THz mwinshi.
Ugereranyije no gufunga inshuro zikoreshwa mu gutera inshinge, bishobora gutuma inshuro zikuba kabiri gusa, imiyoboro ifunganye mu buryo bwa phase irarushaho koroha, ishobora gukora imirongo hafi ya yose, kandi birumvikana ko bigoye kurushaho. Urugero, urusaku rw'urusaku rw'amajwi rukorwa na modulator y'amashanyarazi mu ishusho ya 2 rukoreshwa nk'isoko y'urumuri, naho urusaku rw'amajwi rufunganye mu buryo bwa optique rukoreshwa mu gufunga inshuro za laser ebyiri ku bimenyetso bibiri bya optique, hanyuma rugakora ibimenyetso bya frequency nyinshi binyuze mu miyoboro y'itandukaniro, nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 4. f1 na f2 ni imirongo y'ibimenyetso bya PLLS ebyiri, kandi ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde cya N * frep + f1 + f2 gishobora gukorwa n'umuyoboro w'itandukaniro hagati ya laser ebyiri.
Ishusho ya 4. Ishusho y'icyitegererezo yerekana frequencies zidasanzwe hakoreshejwe frequencies za optique na PLLS.
3. Koresha laser ya pulse ifunguye mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo uhindure ikimenyetso cya pulse cy'urumuri rw'amajwi mu buryo bwa microwave binyuze muicyuma gipima foto.
Akamaro nyamukuru k'ubu buryo ni uko ikimenyetso gifite ubushobozi bwo kudahindagurika neza cyane n'urusaku rwo hasi cyane gishobora kuboneka. Mu gufunga frequency ya laser kuri spectrum ihamye cyane ya atome na molekile, cyangwa umwobo uhamye cyane, no gukoresha frequency system yo gukuraho frequency hamwe n'ubundi buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, dushobora kubona ikimenyetso cy'ingufu gihamye cyane gifite frequency ihamye cyane yo gusubiramo, kugira ngo tubone ikimenyetso cya microwave gifite urusaku rwo hasi cyane. Ishusho ya 5.
Ishusho ya 5. Kugereranya urusaku rw'ibyiciro bitandukanye by'amakuru.
Ariko, kubera ko igipimo cyo gusubiramo kw'amajwi y'ijwi gihuye n'uburebure bw'aho imashini ikorera, kandi imashini isanzwe ifunganye mu buryo busanzwe ikaba nini, biragoye kubona ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya frequency yo hejuru. Byongeye kandi, ingano, uburemere n'ikoreshwa ry'imashini gakondo zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya pulse, ndetse n'ibikenewe mu bidukikije, bigabanya ikoreshwa ryazo cyane cyane muri laboratwari. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, ubushakashatsi bwatangiye vuba aha muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no mu Budage bukoresha ingaruka zitari umurongo umwe kugira ngo hakorwe utumashini duto cyane tw'ikoranabuhanga rya frequency optique mu tumashini duto cyane, dufite ubwiza bwa chirp mode optique, na two tugatanga ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde bikoresha frequency yo hasi.
4. opto electronic oscillator, Ishusho ya 6.
Ishusho ya 6. Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi gikoresheje ikoranabuhanga.
Bumwe mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukora mikoroonde cyangwa lazeri ni ugukoresha umuyoboro ufunganye wigenga, igihe cyose inyungu iri mu muyoboro ufunganye iruta igihombo, umuyoboro wihuta ushobora gukora mikoroonde cyangwa lazeri. Uko ubwiza bwa Q bw'umuyoboro ufunganye burushaho kuba bwinshi, niko urusaku rw'ibimenyetso cyangwa urusaku rw'impinduka rugabanuka. Kugira ngo wongere ubwiza bwa muyoboro, inzira itaziguye ni ukongera uburebure bwa muyoboro no kugabanya igihombo cyo gukwirakwira. Ariko, umuyoboro muremure ushobora gushyigikira ikorwa ry'uburyo bwinshi bwo gukwirakwira, kandi iyo hongewemo akayunguruzo ka bandwidth nto, ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde gikoresha urusaku ruto gishobora kuboneka. Oscillator ihujwe na photoelectric ni isoko y'ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde ishingiye kuri iki gitekerezo, ikoresha neza imiterere y'igihombo gito cya fibre, ikoresheje fibre ndende kugira ngo yongere agaciro ka muyoboro wa Q, ishobora gukora ikimenyetso cya mikoroonde gifite urusaku ruto cyane. Kuva ubwo buryo bwatangwa mu myaka ya 1990, ubwo bwoko bwa oscillator bwakorewe ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kandi butera imbere cyane, kandi ubu hari oscillator z’ubucuruzi zihuza amashanyarazi. Vuba aha, oscillator z’amashanyarazi zifite frequencies zishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bwagutse zarakozwe. Ikibazo nyamukuru cy’amasoko y’ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde bishingiye kuri ubu buryo ni uko uruziga ari rurerure, kandi urusaku mu ruziga rwayo rwigenga (FSR) hamwe n’inshuro zayo ebyiri biziyongera cyane. Byongeye kandi, ibice by’amashanyarazi bikoreshwa ni byinshi, igiciro ni kinini, ingano iragoye kugabanya, kandi fibre ndende irushaho kwangirika mu bidukikije.
Ibi byavuzwe haruguru birerekana muri make uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde, ndetse n'ibyiza n'ibibi byabyo. Hanyuma, gukoresha imikoroonde bifite ikindi cyiza ni uko ikimenyetso cya optique gishobora gukwirakwizwa binyuze muri fibre optique hamwe n'igihombo gito cyane, kohereza intera ndende kuri buri gice cy'ikoreshwa hanyuma bigahindurwamo ibimenyetso bya mikoroonde, kandi ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingaruka za electromagnetic burarushaho kuba bwiza kurusha ibice bisanzwe by'ikoranabuhanga.
Imyandikire y'iyi nkuru ni iyo kwifashisha cyane cyane, kandi hamwe n'uburambe bw'umwanditsi ubwe mu bushakashatsi n'uburambe muri uru rwego, hari ibintu bitari byo n'ibitasobanuka neza, ndakwinginze ubyumve.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-03-2024