Inyandiko y'itumanaho rya laser yo mu kirere cyimbitse, ni umwanya ungana iki wo gutekereza? Igice cya mbere

Vuba aha, ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Amerika cyitwa Spirit cyarangije ikizamini cy’itumanaho ry’ikirere cyimbitse gifite ibikoresho byo ku butaka biri ku birometero miliyoni 16 uvuye aho, gishyiraho agahigo gashya k’itumanaho ry’ikirere. None se ni izihe nyungu zaitumanaho rya laserIshingiye ku mahame ya tekiniki n'ibisabwa mu butumwa, ni izihe ngorane ikeneye gutsinda? Ni iki gishobora gukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse mu isanzure mu gihe kizaza?

Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga, ntabwoba imbogamizi
Gushakisha mu kirere mu buryo bwimbitse ni akazi katoroshye cyane mu gihe abashakashatsi mu isanzure bashakisha isanzure. Abashakashatsi bagomba kwambuka ikirere cya kure hagati y’inyenyeri, bagatsinda ibidukikije bikomeye n’ibihe bikomeye, bagakusanya no kohereza amakuru y’agaciro, kandi ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho rigira uruhare runini.

Imbonerahamwe y'icyitegererezo cyaitumanaho rya laser mu kirere kirambuyeigerageza hagati y'itsinda ry'ibikoresho byo gupima ikirere bya Spirit n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku butaka

Ku ya 13 Ukwakira, ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Spirit probe cyatangiye, gitangira urugendo rw’ubushakashatsi ruzamara nibura imyaka umunani. Mu ntangiriro z’ubutumwa, cyakoranye na telesikope ya Hale muri Palomar Observatory muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kugira ngo gipime ikoranabuhanga ry’itumanaho rya laser mu kirere cyimbitse, gikoresheje uburyo bwo gupima laser hafi ya infrared kugira ngo gitangaze amakuru n’amatsinda yo ku Isi. Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, icyuma gipima n’ibikoresho byacyo by’itumanaho bya laser bigomba gukemura nibura ubwoko bune bw’ingorane. Muri urwo rwego, intera iri kure, kugabanya ibimenyetso no kubangamira, kugabanya umuvuduko w’itumanaho no gutinda, kugabanya ingufu n’ibibazo byo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bikwiye kwitabwaho. Abashakashatsi bamaze igihe kinini bategereje kandi biteguye izi ngorane, kandi banyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ingenzi, bashyiraho urufatiro rwiza rw’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Spirit kugira ngo gikore igerageza ry’itumanaho rya laser mu kirere cyimbitse.
Mbere na mbere, icyuma gipima umwuka gikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kohereza amakuru ryihuse, imirasire ya laser yatoranijwe nk'uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru, gifite ibikoresholaser ifite imbaraga nyinshiimashini itanga ubutumwa, ikoresheje ibyiza byokohereza hakoreshejwe laserumuvuduko n'ubudahangarwa buri hejuru, bagerageza gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutumanaho bwa laser mu kirere cyimbitse.
Icya kabiri, kugira ngo itumanaho rirusheho kuba ryiza kandi rihamye, Spirit detector ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kwandika amadosiye, rishobora kugera ku muvuduko wo kohereza amakuru mu buryo bworoshye binyuze mu kunoza uburyo bwo kwandika amadosiye. Muri icyo gihe, ishobora kugabanya umuvuduko w'amakosa ya biti no kunoza uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru neza hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gukosora amakosa.
Icya gatatu, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyira gahunda no kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bw’ubwenge, ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi gikoresha neza umutungo w’itumanaho. Ikoranabuhanga rishobora guhindura uburyo bwo gutumanaho n’uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru hakurikijwe impinduka mu byo umuntu akeneye mu kazi n’aho itumanaho riherereye, bityo bigatuma itumanaho riboneka neza mu gihe hari ingufu nke.
Amaherezo, kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bwo kwakira ibimenyetso, Spirit probe ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryakira ibimenyetso byinshi. Iri koranabuhanga rikoresha antene nyinshi zakira kugira ngo rikore urutonde, rushobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwakira no guhagarara neza kw'ibimenyetso, hanyuma rugakomeza itumanaho rihamye mu kirere cy’ubujyakuzimu.

Ibyiza biragaragara, bihishe mu ibanga
Isi yo hanze ntabwo igoye kubona kolaserni ingenzi mu igeragezwa ry’itumanaho ry’ikirere cyimbitse rya probe ya Spirit, none se ni izihe nyungu zihariye laser ifite zo gufasha iterambere rikomeye ry’itumanaho ry’ikirere cyimbitse? Ni iki kihishe?
Ku ruhande rumwe, gukenera amakuru menshi, amashusho na videwo bifite ubushobozi bwo gushakisha mu kirere byimbitse bizasaba ko habaho urwego rwo hejuru rwo kohereza amakuru mu itumanaho ryimbitse. Mu gihe intera yo kohereza amakuru ikunze kuba "itangirira" kuri kilometero miliyoni mirongo, imiraba ya radiyo igenda "ibura imbaraga".
Nubwo itumanaho rya laser rishyiraho amakuru kuri fotoni, ugereranije n'imiraba ya radiyo, imiraba y'urumuri hafi ya infrared ifite uburebure bw'umurambararo buto kandi ifite frequency iri hejuru, bigatuma bishoboka kubaka "umuhanda munini" w'amakuru yo mu kirere hamwe n'uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru neza kandi bunoze. Iyi ngingo yemejwe mbere mu igerageza rya mbere ry'ikirere cyo hasi cy'isi. Nyuma yo gufata ingamba zijyanye no guhangana n'ikibazo cy'ikirere, igipimo cyo kohereza amakuru muri sisitemu y'itumanaho rya laser cyari hejuru cyane incuro zigera ku 100 ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo gutumanaho bwa mbere.