Laser yerekeza ku buryo n'igikoresho cyo gukora imirasire y'urumuri ikoresheje collimated, monochromatic, ihuza urumuri binyuze mu kongera imirasire ishyushye no gutanga ibisubizo bikenewe. Muri make, gukora laser bisaba ibintu bitatu: "resonator," "uburyo bwo kongera inyungu," na "isoko yo gusohora."
A. Ihame
Imiterere y'ingendo ya atomu ishobora kugabanywamo urwego rw'ingufu zitandukanye, kandi iyo atomu ivuye ku rwego rw'ingufu nyinshi ikajya ku rwego rw'ingufu nke, irekura fotoni z'ingufu zijyanye nayo (ibyo bita imirasire yihuta). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, iyo fotoni ibaye ku rwego rw'ingufu ikayinjizwamo, bizatuma atomu iva ku rwego rw'ingufu nke ikajya ku rwego rw'ingufu nyinshi (ibyo bita kwinjizwamo bishimishije); Hanyuma, zimwe muri atome zijya ku rwego rw'ingufu nyinshi zizahinduka zikajya ku rwego rw'ingufu nke kandi zigasohora fotoni (ibyo bita imirasire ishishikajwe). Izi ngendo ntizibaho ukwazo, ahubwo akenshi ziba mu buryo bumwe. Iyo dushyizeho imiterere, nko gukoresha uburyo bukwiye, resonator, ingufu zihagije zo hanze, imirasire ishishikajwe irakongerwa ku buryo kurusha kwinjizwa bishishikajwe, noneho muri rusange, hazabaho fotoni zisohoka, bigatuma urumuri rwa laser rugaragara.
B. Gushyira mu byiciro
Dukurikije uburyo bukora iyo laser, iyo laser ishobora kugabanywamo laser y'amazi, laser ya gaze na laser ikomeye. Ubu laser ya semiconductor ikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni ubwoko bwa laser ifite imiterere ikomeye.
C. Imiterere
Inyinshi muri laser zigizwe n'ibice bitatu: sisitemu yo gushyushya, ibikoresho bya laser na resonator y'amajwi. Sisitemu yo gushyushya ni ibikoresho bitanga ingufu z'urumuri, amashanyarazi cyangwa za shimi. Kuri ubu, uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gushishikariza bukoreshwa ni urumuri, amashanyarazi cyangwa reaction ya shimi. Ibintu bya laser ni ibintu bishobora gukora urumuri rwa laser, nka rubies, ikirahure cya beryllium, gaze ya neon, semiconductors, amarangi y'umwimerere, nibindi. Akamaro ko kugenzura resonance y'amajwi ni ukongera urumuri rwa laser isohora, guhindura no guhitamo uburebure bw'uburebure n'icyerekezo cya laser.
D. Gusaba
Ikoreshwa cyane cyane muri laser, cyane cyane itumanaho rya fibre, gukoresha laser, gukata laser, intwaro za laser, disiki ya laser n'ibindi.
Amateka ya E.
Mu 1958, abahanga mu bya siyansi b'Abanyamerika Xiaoluo na Townes bavumbuye ikintu cy'amayobera: iyo bashyize urumuri rutangwa n'itara ry'imbere ku kristu y'isi idasanzwe, molecules za kristu zitanga urumuri rukomeye, ruhora hamwe. Dukurikije iki kintu, batanze igitekerezo cya "laser principle", ni ukuvuga ko iyo ikintu gishyushye n'ingufu zimwe n'umuvuduko w'ihindagurika ry'imirasire ya molecules zayo, kizatanga uru mucyo ukomeye udatandukana - laser. Babonye inyandiko z'ingenzi kuri ibi.
Nyuma yo gusohora ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa Sciolo na Townes, abahanga mu bya siyansi baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye batanze gahunda zitandukanye zo kugerageza, ariko ntacyo byagezeho. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 1960, Mayman, umuhanga mu bya siyansi muri Laboratwari ya Hughes muri Kaliforuniya, yatangaje ko yabonye laser ifite uburebure bwa mikoroni 0.6943, ari na yo laser ya mbere yabonetse n'abantu, bityo Mayman aba umuhanga mu bya siyansi wa mbere ku isi washyize laser mu ishami rikora.
Ku ya 7 Nyakanga 1960, Mayman yatangaje ivuka rya laser ya mbere ku isi, gahunda ya Mayman ni ugukoresha umuyoboro wa flash ufite imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo utere atome za chromium muri kristu ya rubi, bityo bikabyara inkingi y'urumuri rutukura rworoshye cyane, iyo rukoreshejwe ahantu runaka, rushobora kugera ku bushyuhe buri hejuru y'ubuso bw'izuba.
Umuhanga mu bya siyansi w’Abasoviyeti H.Γ Basov yavumbuye laser ya semiconductor mu 1960. Imiterere ya laser ya semiconductor ubusanzwe igizwe na P layer, N layer n’urwego rukora rugizwe n’uruhererekane rw’amashanyarazi rugizwe n’uruhererekane rw’amashanyarazi rubiri. Ibiranga ni ibi bikurikira: ingano nto, ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibintu bwinshi, umuvuduko wo gusubiza vuba, uburebure bw’urumuri n’ingano bihuye n’ingano ya fibre optique, bishobora guhinduka neza, guhuza neza.
Esheshatu, zimwe mu nzira z'ingenzi zo gukoresha laser
F. Itumanaho rya laser
Gukoresha urumuri mu kohereza amakuru ni ibintu bisanzwe muri iki gihe. Urugero, amato akoresha amatara mu gutumanaho, naho amatara yo mu muhanda agakoresha umutuku, umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi. Ariko ubu buryo bwose bwo kohereza amakuru hakoreshejwe urumuri rusanzwe bushobora kugarukira gusa ku ntera ngufi. Niba ushaka kohereza amakuru ahantu ha kure ukoresheje urumuri, ntushobora gukoresha urumuri rusanzwe, ahubwo ushobora gukoresha lazeri gusa.
None se utanga laser ute? Tuzi ko amashanyarazi ashobora gutwarwa n'insinga z'umuringa, ariko urumuri ntirushobora gutwarwa n'insinga zisanzwe z'icyuma. Kugira ngo tubigereho, abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoze agace gashobora kohereza urumuri, kitwa fiber optique, kitwa fiber. Fiber optique ikozwe mu bikoresho byihariye by'ikirahure, uburebure bwayo ni buto ugereranije n'ubwoya bw'umuntu, ubusanzwe ni mikoroni 50 kugeza 150, kandi yoroshye cyane.
Mu by’ukuri, imbere mu gice cy’imbere cy’umugozi ni ikimenyetso cyo kurekura cyane cy’ikirahure cy’urumuri gitanga urumuri, kandi igipfundikizo cyo hanze gikozwe mu kirahure cyangwa pulasitiki gifite ikimenyetso cyo kurekura gito. Ku ruhande rumwe, imiterere nk’iyo ishobora gutuma urumuri rurekura ku gice cy’imbere cy’imbere, kimwe n’amazi atemba imbere mu muyoboro w’amazi, amashanyarazi yoherezwa imbere mu nsinga, nubwo ibihumbi by’amajwi n’amajwi bitagira ingaruka. Ku rundi ruhande, igipfundikizo cyo kurekura gito gishobora gukumira urumuri gusohoka, nk’uko umuyoboro w’amazi udatemba kandi urwego rwo gukingira insinga rudatanga amashanyarazi.
Kugaragara kwa fibre optique bikemura uburyo bwo kohereza urumuri, ariko ntibivuze ko hamwe narwo, urumuri urwo arirwo rwose rushobora koherezwa kure cyane. Umucyo mwinshi gusa, ibara ryiza, laser nziza iyobora icyerekezo, ni isoko nziza y'urumuri yo kohereza amakuru, ni urubuga ruturutse ku mpera imwe ya fibre, nta gihombo cyangwa umusaruro biturutse ku rundi ruhande. Kubwibyo, itumanaho rya optique ni itumanaho rya laser, rifite ibyiza byo kuba rifite ubushobozi bwinshi, ireme ryo hejuru, isoko nini y'ibikoresho, ibanga rikomeye, kuramba, nibindi, kandi abahanga mu bya siyansi bashimagiza nk'impinduka mu rwego rw'itumanaho, kandi ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byagezweho mu ihinduka ry'ikoranabuhanga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-29-2023