Ihame rya Laser nuburyo bukoreshwa

Laser bivuga inzira nigikoresho cyo kubyara urumuri, rukomatanya, urumuri rwumucyo binyuze mumirasire itera imbaraga hamwe nibitekerezo bikenewe. Ahanini, ibisekuru bya laser bisaba ibintu bitatu: "resonator," "inyungu yo hagati," n "isoko yo kuvoma."

A. Ihame

Imiterere ya atome irashobora kugabanywa mubyiciro bitandukanye byingufu, kandi iyo atome ihindutse kuva murwego rwo hejuru rwingufu ikagera kurwego ruke, irekura fotone yingufu zijyanye (ibyo bita imirasire ya spontaneous). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, iyo fotone ibaye kuri sisitemu yurwego rwingufu kandi ikayitwarwa nayo, bizatera atom kuva murwego rwo hasi rwingufu zija murwego rwo hejuru (ibyo bita kwishima kwishima); Noneho, zimwe muri atome zijya murwego rwo hejuru zingufu zizahinduka murwego rwo hasi rwingufu kandi zisohora fotone (ibyo bita imirasire ikangura). Izi ngendo ntizibaho mu bwigunge, ariko akenshi zirasa. Iyo dushizeho imiterere, nko gukoresha uburyo bukwiye, resonator, amashanyarazi ahagije yo hanze, imishwarara ikangura iba yongerewe imbaraga kuburyo burenze iyinjizwa ryatewe, hanyuma muri rusange, hazaba hasohotse fotone, bikavamo urumuri rwa laser.

B. Ibyiciro

Ukurikije uburyo butanga lazeri, lazeri irashobora kugabanywamo lazeri y'amazi, gaze ya gaze na lazeri ikomeye. Noneho lazeri ikunze kugaragara cyane ni ubwoko bwa laser ikomeye.

C. Ibigize

Lazeri nyinshi zigizwe nibice bitatu: sisitemu yo kwishima, ibikoresho bya laser na optique resonator. Sisitemu yo kwishima ni ibikoresho bitanga ingufu z'umucyo, amashanyarazi cyangwa imiti. Kugeza ubu, uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutera inkunga bukoreshwa ni urumuri, amashanyarazi cyangwa imiti. Ibintu bya lazeri nibintu bishobora kubyara urumuri rwa laser, nka rubavu, ikirahuri cya beryllium, gaze ya neon, semiconductor, amarangi kama, nibindi. Uruhare rwo kugenzura optique ya resonance ni ukuzamura umucyo wa lazeri isohoka, guhuza no guhitamo uburebure bwumurongo nicyerekezo. ya laser.

D. Gusaba

Laser ikoreshwa cyane, cyane cyane itumanaho rya fibre, urutonde rwa laser, gukata laser, intwaro za laser, disiki ya laser nibindi.

E. Amateka

Mu 1958, abahanga mu bya siyansi b'Abanyamerika Xiaoluo na Townes bavumbuye ikintu gitangaje: iyo bashyize urumuri rutangwa n’itara ryimbere ku isi idasanzwe ya kirisiti, molekile ya kirisiti izasohora urumuri, buri gihe hamwe rukaba rufite urumuri rukomeye. Ukurikije iki kintu, basabye "ihame rya laser", ni ukuvuga ko iyo ibintu bishimishijwe ningufu zingana ninshuro zinyeganyega zisanzwe za molekile zayo, bizatanga urumuri rukomeye rudatandukana - laser. Basanze impapuro zingenzi kuri ibi.

Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Sciolo na Townes, abahanga baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye batanze gahunda zitandukanye z’ubushakashatsi, ariko ntibyagerwaho. Ku ya 15 Gicurasi 1960, Mayman, umuhanga muri Laboratwari ya Hughes muri Kaliforuniya, yatangaje ko yabonye lazeri ifite uburebure bwa metero 0,6943, iyi ikaba ari lazeri ya mbere abantu babonye, ​​bityo Mayman aba umuhanga wa mbere ku isi kumenyekanisha laseri mubikorwa bifatika.

Ku ya 7 Nyakanga 1960, Mayman yatangaje ko havutse lazeri ya mbere ku isi, gahunda ya Mayman ni ugukoresha flash tube ifite ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo ikangure atome ya chromium muri kirisiti ya rubavu, bityo ikabyara inkingi ntoya itukura cyane, iyo irashwe ahantu runaka, irashobora kugera ku bushyuhe burenze hejuru yizuba.

Umuhanga mu bya siyansi w’Abasoviyeti H.Γ Basov yahimbye lazeri ya semiconductor mu 1960. Imiterere ya laser ya semiconductor ubusanzwe igizwe na P layer, N layer na layer ikora igizwe na heterojunction ebyiri. Ibiranga ni: ingano nto, guhuza neza, kwihuta kwihuta, uburebure bwumurambararo nubunini bujyanye nubunini bwa fibre optique, birashobora guhindurwa muburyo butaziguye, guhuza neza.

Gatandatu, bimwe mubyingenzi byingenzi byerekezo bya laser

F. Itumanaho rya Laser

Gukoresha urumuri rwohereza amakuru birasanzwe cyane muri iki gihe. Kurugero, amato akoresha amatara kugirango ashyikirane, kandi amatara yumuhanda akoresha umutuku, umuhondo, nicyatsi. Ariko ubu buryo bwose bwo kohereza amakuru ukoresheje urumuri rusanzwe birashobora kugarukira gusa ku ntera ngufi. Niba ushaka kohereza amakuru ahantu kure ukoresheje urumuri, ntushobora gukoresha urumuri rusanzwe, ariko ukoreshe laseri gusa.

Nigute ushobora gutanga laser? Turabizi ko amashanyarazi ashobora gutwarwa ninsinga z'umuringa, ariko urumuri ntirushobora gutwarwa ninsinga zisanzwe. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, abahanga bakoze filime ishobora kohereza urumuri, bita fibre optique, bita fibre. Fibre optique ikozwe mubikoresho byihariye byikirahure, diameter iroroshye kuruta umusatsi wumuntu, mubisanzwe microni 50 kugeza 150, kandi yoroshye cyane.

Mubyukuri, intangiriro yimbere ya fibre nigipimo kinini cyo kwangirika kwikirahure cya optique kibonerana, kandi igifuniko cyo hanze gikozwe mubirahure cyangwa ibirahure byoroheje. Imiterere nkiyi, kuruhande rumwe, irashobora gutuma urumuri rugabanuka kumbere yimbere, nkamazi atemba imbere mumiyoboro yamazi, amashanyarazi yoherejwe mumurongo, nubwo ibihumbi nibihinduka bitagira ingaruka. Ku rundi ruhande, igipimo cyo hasi cyerekana imbaraga zishobora kubuza urumuri gusohoka, nkuko umuyoboro w’amazi utinjira kandi urwego rw’imashanyarazi ntirukoreshe amashanyarazi.

Kugaragara kwa fibre optique ikemura inzira yo kohereza urumuri, ariko ntibisobanura ko hamwe nayo, urumuri urwo arirwo rwose rushobora kwanduzwa kure cyane. Gusa umucyo mwinshi, ibara ryiza, icyerekezo cyiza cya laser, nisoko nziza yumucyo wohereza amakuru, ni iyinjiza kuva kumpera ya fibre, hafi nta gihombo nigisohoka kiva kurundi ruhande. Kubwibyo rero, itumanaho rya optique ni itumanaho rya laser, rifite ibyiza byubushobozi bunini, ubwiza buhanitse, isoko ryinshi ryibikoresho, ibanga rikomeye, kuramba, nibindi, kandi bishimwa nabahanga nkimpinduramatwara mubijyanye n’itumanaho, kandi ni imwe by'ibyagezweho cyane muri revolution yikoranabuhanga.