Igice cya KIMWE
1, gupima hakoreshejwe uburyo runaka bufatika, gutandukanya umubare w'ibipimo byapimwe biri mu cyiciro runaka, kugira ngo hamenyekane niba ibipimo byapimwe byujuje ibisabwa cyangwa niba umubare w'ibipimo uhari. Uburyo bwo kugereranya ingano itazwi yapimwe n'ingano isanzwe ifite imiterere imwe, kugena umubare w'ingano isanzwe yapimwe n'itsinda ryapimwe, no kugaragaza umubare w'ibipimo mu mibare.
Mu rwego rwo kumenya no gupima ibintu mu buryo bwikora, inshingano yo kumenya ibintu si ugusuzuma no gupima ibicuruzwa byarangiye cyangwa ibicuruzwa byarangije gukorwa, ahubwo no kugira ngo harebwe, hagenzurwe kandi hagenzurwe inzira yo gukora cyangwa ikintu cyimuka kugira ngo kibe mu buryo bwiza abantu bahisemo, ni ngombwa kumenya no gupima ingano n'impinduka z'ibipimo bitandukanye igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Ubu buryo bwo kumenya no gupima mu buryo nyabwo inzira yo gukora n'ibintu byimuka bwitwa kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imashini.
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ibipimo: ibipimo bitaziguye n'ibipimo bitaziguye
Gupima mu buryo butaziguye ni ugupima agaciro kapimwe k'igipimo nta kubara, nko: gukoresha thermometer gupima ubushyuhe, gukoresha multimeter gupima voltage
Igipimo kitaziguye ni ugupima ingano nyinshi zifatika zijyanye no gupimwa, no kubara agaciro gapimwe binyuze mu mibanire y'imikorere. Urugero, ingufu P zifitanye isano na voltage V n'umuvuduko wa I, ni ukuvuga P=VI, kandi ingufu zibarwa hakoreshejwe gupima voltage n'umuvuduko.
Gupima mu buryo butaziguye biroroshye kandi byoroshye, kandi bikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa. Ariko, mu gihe gupima mu buryo butaziguye bidashoboka, gupima mu buryo butaziguye ntibinogeye cyangwa ikosa ryo gupima mu buryo butaziguye ribaye rinini, gupima mu buryo butaziguye bishobora gukoreshwa.
Igitekerezo cy'icyuma gipima amashanyarazi n'icyuma gipima
Akamaro ka sensor ni uguhindura ingano itari iy'amashanyarazi mu gipimo cy'amashanyarazi aho hari isano ihamye, ikaba ari yo mikoranire hagati y'uburyo butari iy'amashanyarazi n'uburyo bukoreshwa mu gupima ingano y'amashanyarazi. Mu gihe cyo kumenya no kugenzura, sensor ni igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo guhindura. Ukurikije ingufu, sensor ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: bumwe ni sensor igenzura ingufu, izwi kandi nka sensor ikora; ubundi ni sensor ihindura ingufu, izwi kandi nka sensor idakora. Sensor igenzura ingufu yerekeza kuri sensor izapimwa mu guhindura ibipimo by'amashanyarazi (nk'ubudahangarwa, ubushobozi), sensor igomba kongeramo ingufu zishimishije, ibipimo bishobora gupimwa bihinduka mu muvuduko w'amashanyarazi, impinduka z'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi. Sensor ihindura ingufu ishobora guhindura mu buryo butaziguye impinduka yapimwe mu guhinduka kwa voltage n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, nta soko yo hanze itera gushyuha.
Kenshi na kenshi, ingano itari iy'amashanyarazi igomba gupimwa si ubwoko bw'ingano itari iy'amashanyarazi sensor ishobora guhindura, ibyo bikaba bisaba kongeramo igikoresho cyangwa igikoresho imbere ya sensor gishobora guhindura ingano itari iy'amashanyarazi yapimwe mu ngano itari iy'amashanyarazi sensor ishobora kwakira no guhindura. Igice cyangwa igikoresho gishobora guhindura amashanyarazi atari iy'amashanyarazi yapimwe mu mashanyarazi aboneka ni sensor. Urugero, iyo upima voltage ukoresheje resistance strain gauge, ni ngombwa gushyira strain gauge ku gice cya elastic cy'umuvuduko ugurishwa, strain element ihindura strain force, maze strain gauge ihindura strain force mu mpinduka mu budahangarwa. Aha strain gauge ni sensor, naho strain element ni sensor. Serial na sensor byombi bishobora guhindura amashanyarazi atari iy'amashanyarazi igihe icyo ari cyo cyose, ariko sensor ihindura amashanyarazi atari iy'amashanyarazi yapimwe mu budahangarwa, kandi sensor ihindura amashanyarazi atari iy'amashanyarazi yapimwe mu mashanyarazi.
2, sensor y'amashanyaraziishingiye ku ngaruka z'amashanyarazi, ikimenyetso cy'urumuri kijya mu cyuma gipima ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi, gikoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura byikora, mu kirere na radiyo na televiziyo n'ahandi.
Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi birimo cyane cyane photodiode, phototransistors, photoresistor Cds, photocouplers, photoelectric sensors gakondo, photocells na image sensors. Imbonerahamwe y'ubwoko bw'ingenzi igaragara ku ishusho iri hepfo. Mu buryo bufatika, ni ngombwa guhitamo sensor ikwiye kugira ngo ugere ku ngaruka wifuza. Ihame rusange ryo guhitamo ni iri:gupima amashanyarazi yihuta cyaneuruziga, urwego runini rw'ikimenyetso cy'urumuri, sensor ya laser yihuta cyane igomba guhitamo photodiode; sensor yoroshye ya pulse photoelectric ifite ibihumbi byinshi bya Hertz hamwe na switch ya pulse photoelectric yihuta cyane muri circuit yoroshye igomba guhitamo phototransistor; Nubwo umuvuduko wo gusubiza ugenda buhoro, sensor ya resistance bridge ifite imikorere myiza na sensor ya photoelectric ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana, sensor ya photoelectric muri circuit y'urumuri yikora y'itara ryo ku muhanda, hamwe na resistance ihinduka ukurikije imbaraga z'urumuri bigomba guhitamo ibintu byoroshye kubona urumuri bya Cds na Pbs; Rotary encoders, sensor ya speed na sensor ya laser yihuta cyane bigomba kuba bigizwe na sensor ya photoelectric.
Ubwoko bw'icyuma gipima amashanyarazi Urugero rw'icyuma gipima amashanyarazi
Ihuriro rya PNDiyode y'ifoto ya PN(Si, Ge, GaAs)
PIN Photodiode (ibikoresho bya Si)
Ifotodiode y'inkangu(Si, Ge)
Fototransista (Umuyoboro wa PhotoDarlington) (Ibikoresho bya Si)
Sensoreri y'amashanyarazi ihujwe hamwe na thyristor y'amashanyarazi (ibikoresho bya Si)
Seli ya fotokopi idahuza pn (ibikoresho bikoresha CdS, CdSe, Se, PbS)
Ibice by'amashanyarazi bikoresha thermoelectric (ibikoresho byakoreshejwe (PZT, LiTaO3, PbTiO3)
Umuyoboro w'ifoto wo mu bwoko bwa elektroni, umuyoboro wa kamera, umuyoboro w'ifoto ukoresha ikoranabuhanga
Izindi sensor zipima amabara (Si, ibikoresho bya α-Si)
Sensor y'ishusho ikomeye (ibikoresho bya Si, ubwoko bwa CCD, ubwoko bwa MOS, ubwoko bwa CPD
Ikintu cyo kumenya aho ibintu biri (PSD) (ibikoresho bya Si)
Seli y'ifoto (Photodiode) (Si ku bikoresho)
Igihe cyo kohereza: 18 Nyakanga-2023