Ihame ry'imikorere n'ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa laser ya semiconductor

Ihame ry'imikorere n'ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwalaser ya semiconductor

SemiconductorDiode za laser, bitewe n'ubushobozi bwazo bwo hejuru, ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo buciriritse no gutandukanya uburebure bw'umuraba, bikoreshwa cyane nk'ibice by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga rya optoelectronic mu nzego nk'itumanaho, ubuvuzi n'itunganywa ry'inganda. Iyi nkuru yongeraho ihame ry'imikorere n'ubwoko bwa laser za semiconductor, byoroshye gukoresha mu guhitamo abashakashatsi benshi ba optoelectronic.

1. Ihame ryo gutanga urumuri rya laser za semiconductor

Ihame ry’urumuri rwa laser za semiconductor rishingiye ku miterere y’umugozi, impinduka za elegitoroniki n’isohoka ry’ibikoresho bya semiconductor. Ibikoresho bya semiconductor ni ubwoko bw’ibikoresho bifite icyuho, birimo umugozi wa valence n’umugozi wo kuyobora. Iyo ibikoresho biri mu butaka, electron zuzuza umugozi wa valence mu gihe nta electron ziri mu mugozi wo kuyobora. Iyo amashanyarazi runaka akoreshejwe hanze cyangwa umuriro ushyizwemo, electron zimwe na zimwe zizava kuri valence zijya kuri conduction band, zigakora electron-hole pairs. Mu gihe cyo kurekura ingufu, iyo izi electron-hole pairs zitewe imbaraga n’isi yo hanze, fotoni, ni ukuvuga lasers, zizakorwa.

2. Uburyo bwo gushyushya bukoreshwa muri laser za semiconductor

Hari uburyo butatu bwo gushyushya hakoreshejwe laser za semiconductor, ari bwo ubwoko bw'amashanyarazi, ubwoko bwa pompe y'urumuri n'ubwoko bw'amashanyarazi afite ingufu nyinshi.

Imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha imirasire ya semiconductor: Muri rusange, ni diode zikoresha imirasire ya semiconductor zikozwe mu bikoresho nka gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium phosfide (InP), na zinc sulfide (ZnS). Zishishikazwa no gushyiramo umuriro mu gice cy’imbere, bigatanga imyuka ihumanya mu gace k’aho ihuriro ry’imirasire rihurira.

Laser za semiconductor zikoresha imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga: Muri rusange, kristu imwe ya semiconductor yo mu bwoko bwa N cyangwa P (nka GaAS, InAs, InSb, nibindi) zikoreshwa nk'ikintu gikora, kandilaserisohoka n'izindi laser ikoreshwa nk'ingufu zitangwa n'amaso.

Imashini zikoresha imirasire ya semiconductor zikoresha ingufu nyinshi za electron beam-excited: Muri rusange, zikoresha kandi kristu imwe ya semiconductor ya N-type cyangwa P-type (nka PbS, CdS, ZhO, nibindi) nk'ikintu gikora kandi zishishikazwa no gutera amashanyarazi ya elektron beam iturutse hanze. Mu bikoresho bya semiconductor laser, ifite imikorere myiza kandi ikoreshwa cyane ni imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi za GaAs diode zifite imiterere ibiri.

3. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa laser za semiconductor

Agace gakora ka laser ya semiconductor ni ko gakoreshwa cyane mu gukora no kongera fotoni, kandi ubugari bwayo ni mikorometero nke gusa. Imiterere y'imbere y'urumuri ikoreshwa mu kugabanya ikwirakwira rya photoni mu ruhande no kongera ubucucike bw'ingufu (nk'urumuri rw'impande n'uduce duto tw'ingufu). Laser ikoresha igishushanyo mbonera cy'urumuri rw'ubushyuhe kandi igahitamo ibikoresho bitwara ubushyuhe bwinshi (nk'umuringa-tungsten alloy) kugira ngo ubushyuhe bushire vuba, bishobora gukumira guhindagurika k'urumuri bitewe no gushyuha cyane. Dukurikije imiterere yabyo n'uburyo bikoreshwa, laser ya semiconductor ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bine bikurikira:

Laser Isohora Umucyo (EEL)

Lazeri isohoka iturutse ku gice cy’urukuta kiri ku ruhande rw’urupapuro, igakora ahantu hameze nk’uruziga (harimo inguni itandukanya ya 30°×10°). Ubunini bw’uburebure busanzwe burimo 808nm (yo gupompa), 980 nm (yo gutumanaho), na 1550 nm (yo gutumanaho fibre). Ikoreshwa cyane mu gukata cyane mu nganda, amasoko yo gupompa fibre laser, n’imiyoboro y’itumanaho ry’amatara.

2. Laser Isohora Ubuso Buhagaze (VCSEL)

Lezeri yoherezwa ku buso bwa chip, ifite uruziga kandi ifite imiterere ingana (inguni yo gutandukana <15°). Ihuza reflector ya Bragg (DBR) ikwirakwizwa, bigatuma hadakenerwa reflector yo hanze. Ikoreshwa cyane mu kumenya 3D (nk'uburyo bwo kumenya isura ya telefoni zigendanwa), itumanaho ry'amakuru rigufi (centers de data), na LiDAR.

3. Laser ya Quantum Cascade (QCL)

Hashingiwe ku ihinduka rya electron hagati ya quantum Wells, uburebure bw'umuraba butwikira urwego rwa infrared hagati na kure (3-30 μm), hatitawe ku kuba abaturage bahinduka. Fotoni zikorwa binyuze mu mpinduka za intersubband kandi zikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa nko kumenya gaze (nk'uko CO₂ ibona), gufata amashusho ya terahertz, no kugenzura ibidukikije.

4. Laser ishobora guhindurwa

Igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubuso bw’inyuma bwa laser (grating/prism / MEMS mirror) gishobora kugera ku rugero rwo gupima ubunini bw’uburebure bwa ± 50 nm, hamwe n’ubugari bw’umurongo muto (<100 kHz) n’igipimo cyo kwanga ku ruhande (> 50 dB). Ikunze gukoreshwa mu bikorwa nko mu itumanaho rya dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), isesengura rya spectral, no gufata amashusho mu buryo bw’ubuvuzi. Laser za semiconductor zikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bya laser by’itumanaho, ibikoresho byo kubika laser by’ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho byo gutunganya laser, ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibimenyetso no gupakira laser, gushyiraho no gucapa laser, ibikoresho byo kwa muganga bya laser, ibikoresho byo gutahura intera ya laser na collimation, ibikoresho bya laser n’ibikoresho byo kwidagadura no kwigisha, ibice bya laser n’ibice byayo, nibindi. Ni bimwe mu bice by’ingenzi by’inganda za laser. Bitewe n’uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha, hari ibirango byinshi n’abakora laser. Mu gihe cyo guhitamo, bigomba gushingira ku byo umuntu akeneye n’ibice byo gukoresha. Abakora batandukanye bafite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha mu nzego zitandukanye, kandi guhitamo abakora na laser bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe urwego nyarwo rw’umushinga.