Ubwoko bwaigikoresho gipima fotoimiterere
Imashini ipima fotoni igikoresho gihindura ikimenyetso cy'urumuri mo ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi, imiterere yacyo n'ubwoko bwacyo, gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bikurikira:
(1) Imashini ipima foto ikoresha foto
Iyo ibikoresho bitwara urumuri bishyizwe ku mucyo, ibikoresho bitwara urumuri byongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara urumuri kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukira. Ibikoresho bitwara urumuri bishyushye mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba bigenda mu cyerekezo munsi y'imikorere y'amashanyarazi, bityo bigatanga umuriro. Mu gihe cy'urumuri, electron zirashyuha kandi habaho ihinduka. Muri icyo gihe, zitembera munsi y'imikorere y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo zikore umuriro w'amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho bitwara urumuri byongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara urumuri bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukira. Ibikoresho bitwara urumuri bikoresha urumuri bikunze kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera no gukora neza, ariko ntibishobora gusubiza ibimenyetso by'urumuri bifite frequency nyinshi, bityo umuvuduko wo gusubiza uragabanuka, ibyo bigatuma ibikoresho bitwara urumuri bigabanya ikoreshwa ryabyo mu buryo bumwe na bumwe.
(2)Imashini ipima foto ya PN
Imashini ipima PN ikorwa n'aho ibikoresho bya semiconductor byo mu bwoko bwa P bihurira n'ibikoresho bya semiconductor byo mu bwoko bwa N bihurira. Mbere y'uko ibyo bikoresho byombi bihurira, ibyo bikoresho byombi biba biri mu buryo butandukanye. Urwego rwa Fermi muri semiconductor yo mu bwoko bwa P ruri hafi y'inkombe y'umurongo wa valence, mu gihe urwego rwa Fermi muri semiconductor yo mu bwoko bwa N ruri hafi y'inkombe y'umurongo wa conduction. Muri icyo gihe, urwego rwa Fermi rw'ibikoresho bya N ku nkombe y'umurongo wa conduction rukomeza kwimurwa kugeza igihe urwego rwa Fermi rw'ibikoresho byombi ruri mu mwanya umwe. Ihinduka ry'aho umurongo wa conduction n'umurongo wa valence naryo riherekejwe no guhinda kw'umurongo. Aho umurongo wa PN uhurira hari uburinganire kandi ufite urwego rumwe rwa Fermi. Uhereye ku gice cyo gusesengura icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi, inyinshi mu bikoresho bya P ni imyobo, mu gihe inyinshi mu bikoresho bya N ari electrons. Iyo ibyo bikoresho byombi bihuye, bitewe n'itandukaniro ry'ingano y'icyuma gitwara, electrons zo mu bikoresho bya N zizakwirakwira muri P, mu gihe electrons zo mu bikoresho bya N zizakwirakwira mu cyerekezo gitandukanye n'imyobo. Agace kadasubirwaho gasigarana amashanyarazi n'imyobo bizarema amashanyarazi yubatswemo, kandi amashanyarazi yubatswemo azagenda agana ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, kandi icyerekezo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi kiba gihabanye cyane n'icyerekezo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bivuze ko ishingwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wubatswemo ribuza umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi gukwirakwira, kandi habaho gukwirakwira no kuzamuka imbere mu ihuriro rya PN kugeza ubwo ubwoko bubiri bw'ingendo bungana, ku buryo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi udahinduka uba zeru. Ingano y'imbaraga z'imbere.
Iyo aho PN ihurira hashyizwe imirasire y'urumuri, ingufu za fotoni zijyanwa mu cyuma gitwara, maze icyo cyuma gitwara fotoni, ni ukuvuga electron-hole pair ikorwa. Mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi, electron n'umwobo bijya mu gace ka N n'akarere ka P, kandi inzira y'icyerekezo cy'icyo cyuma gitwara fotoni ikora fotocurrent. Iri ni ryo hame ry'ibanze rya PN junction photodetector.
(3)PIN ipima foto
Pin photodiode ni ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa P n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa N hagati y'urwego rwa I, urwego rwa I rw'ibikoresho muri rusange ni ibikoresho by'imbere cyangwa bidakoresha doping nyinshi. Uburyo bwo gukora bwabyo busa n'aho PN ihurira, iyo PIN ihuriranye n'imirasire y'urumuri, photon yohereza ingufu kuri electron, igatanga ibikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi bivangwa n'ifoto, kandi amashanyarazi y'imbere cyangwa amashanyarazi yo hanze azatandukanya electron-hole pairs zivangwa n'ifoto mu rwego rwo kugabanuka, kandi amashanyarazi anyuranyije azarema amashanyarazi mu ruziga rwo hanze. Uruhare rw'urwego rwa I ni ukwagura ubugari bw'urwego rwo kugabanuka, kandi urwego rwa I ruzaba rwose urwego rwo kugabanuka munsi y'umuvuduko munini wa bias, kandi electron-hole pairs zivangwa zizatandukana vuba, bityo umuvuduko wo gusubiza wa PIN junction photodetector muri rusange wihuta kurusha uw'urwego rwo kugabanya PN. Ibikoresho byo hanze y'urwego rwa I nabyo bikusanyirizwa n'urwego rwo kugabanuka binyuze mu nzira yo kugabanuka, bigakora amashanyarazi yo kugabanuka. Ubunini bw'urwego rwa I muri rusange ni buto cyane, kandi intego yabyo ni ukunoza umuvuduko wo gusubiza wa detector.
(4)APD ipima fotofotodiode y'inkangu
Uburyo bwofotodiode y'inkanguisa n’iyo mu ihuriro rya PN. APD photodetector ikoresha ihuriro rya PN rifite doped nyinshi, voltage ikora ishingiye ku gupima APD ni nini, kandi iyo hongeweho reverse bias nini, gukubitana kwa ionization no kwiyongera kw'inkangu bizaba muri APD, kandi imikorere y'icyuma gipima ion irushaho kwiyongera. Iyo APD iri mu buryo bwa reverse bias, amashanyarazi mu gice cyo kugabanuka azaba akomeye cyane, kandi ibikoresho bifotora bivangwa n'urumuri bizatandukana vuba kandi bigahita bitwarwa n'amashanyarazi. Hari amahirwe ko electron zizahura na lattice muri iki gikorwa, bigatuma electron ziri mu ihuriro zihinduka ion. Iki gikorwa kirasubirwamo, kandi iyon za ionized muri lattice nazo zihura na lattice, bigatuma umubare w'ibikoresho bitwara charge muri APD wiyongera, bigatuma umuriro munini. Ni ubu buryo bwihariye bwo muri APD aho ibikoresho bipima APD muri rusange bifite imiterere yo kwihuta mu gusubiza, kwiyongera k'agaciro k'umuriro munini no kumva neza. Ugereranyije n'aho PN ihurira n'aho PIN ihurira, APD ifite umuvuduko wo gusubiza vuba, ukaba ari wo muvuduko wo gusubiza vuba cyane mu miyoboro y'ubushyuhe ikoresha foto.
(5) Schottky junction photodetector
Imiterere y'ibanze ya Schottky junction photodetector ni Schottky diode, ifite imiterere y'amashanyarazi isa n'iy'ihuriro rya PN ryavuzwe haruguru, kandi ifite icyerekezo kimwe cyo kuyobora hamwe n'uburyo bwo kuyobora neza hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukata inyuma. Iyo icyuma gifite imikorere ikomeye n'igikoresho cya semiconductor gifite imikorere mike yo gukora bikoranyeho, hakorwa uruzitiro rwa Schottky, maze ihuriro rivamo rikaba ari ihuriro rya Schottky. Uburyo nyamukuru busa gato n'ihuriro rya PN, dufashe urugero rwa semiconductor zo mu bwoko bwa N, iyo ibikoresho bibiri bikora ihuriro, bitewe n'ingano zitandukanye za electron z'ibikoresho byombi, electron zo muri semiconductor zizakwirakwira ku ruhande rw'icyuma. Electron zikwirakwira zikomeza gukusanya ku mpera imwe y'icyuma, bityo zikangiza imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'icyuma, zigakora amashanyarazi yubatswemo kuva kuri semiconductor kugera ku cyuma kiri ku buso bw'aho zihuriye, kandi electron zizatembera munsi y'ibikorwa by'ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo imbere, kandi uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza no kunyerera kw'icyuma bizakorwa icyarimwe, nyuma y'igihe runaka kugira ngo bigere ku kuringaniza kw'imbaraga, kandi amaherezo bigakora ihuriro rya Schottky. Mu gihe cy'urumuri, agace k'urumuri gafata urumuri mu buryo butaziguye kandi kagakora imiyoboro ya electron-hole, mu gihe ibikoresho bifotora biri mu ihuriro rya PN bigomba kunyura mu gace k'urumuri kugira ngo bigere mu gace k'ihuriro. Ugereranyije n'ihuriro rya PN, icyuma gipima urumuri gishingiye ku ihuriro rya Schottky gifite umuvuduko wo gusubiza vuba, kandi umuvuduko wo gusubiza ushobora no kugera ku rwego rwa ns.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-13-2024