Optocouplers, zihuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi zikoresheje ibimenyetso by'urumuri nk'uburyo bwo gukoresha, ni ikintu gikora mu bice aho ubushishozi bwinshi ari ngombwa, nko gukoresha amajwi, ubuvuzi n'inganda, bitewe n'ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye no kwizerwa, nko kuramba no gukingira.
Ariko se, ni ryari kandi ni mu bihe ki, optocoupler ikora, kandi ni iyihe ngingo ishingiyeho? Cyangwa iyo ukoresha photocoupler mu kazi kawe ka elegitoroniki, ushobora kutamenya uburyo bwo kuyihitamo no kuyikoresha. Kubera ko optocoupler ikunze kwitiranywa na "phototransistor" na "photodiode". Kubwibyo, photocoupler ni iki tuzayishyira ahagaragara muri iyi nkuru.
Igikoresho cyo gufotora (photocoupler) ni iki?
Optocoupler ni igice cy'ikoranabuhanga gifite inkomoko y'inyuguti z'urumuri
coupler, bisobanura "guhuza n'urumuri." Rimwe na rimwe izwi kandi nka optocoupler, optical isolator, optical insulation, nibindi. Igizwe n'ikintu gitanga urumuri n'ikintu cyakira urumuri, kandi ihuza circuit yo ku ruhande rw'injira n'uruziga rw'isohoka binyuze mu kimenyetso cy'isohoka. Nta sano ry'amashanyarazi ribaho hagati y'izi sano, mu yandi magambo, mu gihe cy'ibyuka. Kubwibyo, isano y'uruziga hagati y'ibyinjira n'ibisohoka ni ukwayo kandi ikimenyetso cyonyine ni cyo cyoherezwa. Huza neza circuits zifite urugero rw'amashanyarazi yinjiye n'ibisohoka bitandukanye cyane, hamwe n'amashanyarazi menshi hagati y'ibyinjira n'ibisohoka.
Byongeye kandi, mu kohereza cyangwa gufunga iki kimenyetso cy'urumuri, gikora nk'ikirahure. Ihame rirambuye n'uburyo bizasobanurwa nyuma, ariko igice gitanga urumuri cya fotokoupler ni LED (diode itanga urumuri).
Kuva mu myaka ya 1960 kugeza mu myaka ya 1970, ubwo imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zavumburwaga kandi iterambere ryazo mu ikoranabuhanga rikaba rigaragara cyane,ikoranabuhanga rya optoelectronicscyabaye amajyambere. Muri icyo gihe, ibintu bitandukanyeibikoresho by'urumuribyavumbuwe, kandi icyuma gihuza amashanyarazi cyari kimwe muri byo. Nyuma y’ibyo, optoelectronics yinjiye vuba mu buzima bwacu.
① Ihame/uburyo
Ihame rya optocoupler ni uko ikintu gitanga urumuri gihindura ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi cyinjiramo mo urumuri, naho ikintu gitanga urumuri cyohereza ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi gisubiza urumuri mu mpande z'urumuri. Ikintu gitanga urumuri n'ikintu gitanga urumuri biri imbere mu gice cy'urumuri rwo hanze, kandi byombi birarebana kugira ngo byohereze urumuri.
Semiconductor ikoreshwa mu bintu bitanga urumuri ni LED (diode itanga urumuri). Ku rundi ruhande, hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa semiconductor zikoreshwa mu bikoresho byakira urumuri, bitewe n'aho bikoreshwa, ingano yo hanze, igiciro, nibindi, ariko muri rusange, ikoreshwa cyane ni phototransistor.
Iyo idakora, phototransistors zitwara umuriro muto nk'uko semiconductor zisanzwe zibikora. Iyo urumuri rubaye aho, phototransistor ikora imbaraga za photoelectromotive ku buso bwa semiconductor ya P-type na N-type, imyobo iri muri semiconductor ya N-type itembera mu gace ka p, semiconductor ya free electron mu gace ka p itembera mu gace ka n, maze umuriro ugatemba.
Fototransistors ntizikora neza nka photodiode, ariko zifite n'ingaruka zo kongera umusaruro ukagera ku nshuro amagana kugeza ku nshuro 1.000 z'ikimenyetso cyinjiye (kubera ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo imbere). Kubwibyo, zishobora gufata ibimenyetso bito cyane, ibyo bikaba ari akarusho.
Mu by’ukuri, "icyuma gikingira urumuri" tubona ni igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga gifite ihame n’imikorere bimwe.
Ariko, utumashini duhagarika urumuri akenshi dukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kugenzura (sensors) kandi tugakora inshingano zatwo binyuze mu guca ikintu gifunga urumuri hagati y'ikintu gitanga urumuri n'ikintu cyakira urumuri. Urugero, gishobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya ibiceri n'inoti mu mashini zigurisha ibicuruzwa na ATM.
② Ibiranga
Kubera ko optocoupler yohereza ibimenyetso binyuze mu rumuri, ubushyuhe buri hagati y’uruhande rw’injira n’uruhande rw’isohoka ni ikintu gikomeye. Ubushyuhe bwinshi ntibuterwa n’urusaku, ariko kandi burinda urujya n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi rutembera mu buryo butunguranye hagati y’imiyoboro yegeranye, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro cyane mu bijyanye n’umutekano. Kandi imiterere ubwayo yoroshye kandi irasobanutse.
Bitewe n'amateka yayo maremare, urutonde rw'ibicuruzwa byinshi by'inganda zitandukanye nabyo ni akarusho gadasanzwe ka optocouplers. Kubera ko nta gukoranaho kw'umubiri, kwangirika hagati y'ibice ni gato, kandi igihe cyo kubaho ni kirekire. Ku rundi ruhande, hari kandi ibintu bigaragaza ko imikorere y'urumuri yoroshye guhinduka, kuko LED izagenda igabanuka buhoro buhoro uko igihe kigenda gihita n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe.
Cyane cyane iyo igice cy'imbere cya pulasitiki ibonerana igihe kirekire, kibaye igihu, ntabwo gishobora kuba urumuri rwiza cyane. Ariko, uko byagenda kose, igihe cyo kubaho ni kirekire cyane ugereranije n'igihe cyo gukoranaho n'icyuma.
Ubusanzwe, ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Phototransistors bitinda kurusha ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya photodiode, bityo ntibikoreshwa mu itumanaho ryihuse. Ariko, ibi si ikibazo, kuko bimwe mu bice bifite ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya amplification ku ruhande rw'umuvuduko kugira ngo byongere umuvuduko. Mu by'ukuri, si ibyuma byose bikoresha ikoranabuhanga bigomba kongera umuvuduko.
③ Imikoreshereze
Udukoresho tw'amashanyarazi duhuza udukoresho tw'amashanyarazizikoreshwa cyane cyane mu guhinduranya. Uruziga ruzashyirwamo ingufu iyo ucanye switch, ariko ukurikije imiterere yavuzwe haruguru, cyane cyane ubushyuhe n'igihe kirekire, rukwiriye cyane mu bihe bisaba kwizerwa cyane. Urugero, urusaku ni umwanzi w'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo kwa muganga n'ibikoresho by'amajwi/itumanaho.
Ikoreshwa kandi muri sisitemu zo gutwara moteri. Impamvu ya moteri ni uko umuvuduko ugenzurwa na inverter iyo iyobowe, ariko igatanga urusaku bitewe n'umuvuduko mwinshi. Uru rusaku ntiruzatuma moteri ubwayo inanirwa gusa, ahubwo runanyura mu "butaka" bigira ingaruka ku byuma bikoresha insinga. By'umwihariko, ibikoresho bifite insinga ndende biroroshye gufata uru rusaku rwinshi, bityo iyo bibayeho mu ruganda, bizatera igihombo gikomeye ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigatera impanuka zikomeye. Hakoreshejwe optocouplers zishyushye cyane mu guhinduranya, ingaruka ku zindi n'ibikoresho zishobora kugabanuka.
Icya kabiri, uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha optocouplers
Ni gute wakoresha optocoupler ikwiye mu ikoreshwa mu gushushanya ibicuruzwa? Injeniyeri zikurikira zishinzwe iterambere rya microcontrollers zizasobanura uburyo bwo guhitamo no gukoresha optocouplers.
① Buri gihe fungura kandi uhore ufunga
Hari ubwoko bubiri bwa photocouplers: ubwoko aho switch izimwa (izimwa) iyo nta voltage ikoreshejwe, ubwoko aho switch izimwa (izimwa) iyo voltage ikoreshejwe, n'ubwoko aho switch izimwa iyo nta voltage ikoreshwa. Shyira hanyuma uzimye iyo voltage ikoreshejwe.
Iya mbere yitwa ifunguye ubusanzwe, naho iya nyuma yitwa ifunze ubusanzwe. Uburyo bwo guhitamo, mbere na mbere biterwa n'ubwoko bw'uruziga ukeneye.
② Reba ingano y'amashanyarazi asohoka n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa
Udukoresho tw’amafoto dufite ubushobozi bwo kongera ikimenyetso, ariko ntabwo buri gihe tunyura mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi n’amashanyarazi uko tubishakiye. Birumvikana ko ari urwego rw’amashanyarazi, ariko umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ugomba gukoreshwa uhereye ku ruhande rw’injira ukurikije umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi wifuza.
Iyo turebye urupapuro rw'amakuru y'ibicuruzwa, dushobora kubona imbonerahamwe aho umurongo ugororotse ari wo mutekano w'ibicuruzwa (umutekano w'ibicuruzwa) naho umurongo utambitse ukaba ari wo mutekano w'ibicuruzwa (umutekano w'ibicuruzwa n'umutekano). Umutekano w'ibicuruzwa uhinduka bitewe n'ubukana bw'urumuri rwa LED, bityo shyiramo umuriro ukurikije umutekano w'ibicuruzwa wifuza.
Ariko, ushobora gutekereza ko umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi wabazwe hano ari muto cyane. Iki ni cyo gipimo cy'umuvuduko gishobora gusohoka neza nyuma yo gusuzuma uko LED yangiritse uko igihe kigenda gihita, bityo kikaba kiri munsi y'igipimo ntarengwa.
Ahubwo, hari igihe umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi utari munini. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo optocoupler, menya neza ko usuzumye neza "umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi usohoka" hanyuma ugahitamo ibicuruzwa bihuye nawo.
③ Umuvuduko ntarengwa w'amashanyarazi
Umuvuduko ntarengwa wo kohereza umuriro ni agaciro ntarengwa k'umuvuduko optocoupler ishobora kwihanganira mu gihe ikora. Nanone, tugomba kumenya neza ko tuzi umusaruro umushinga ukeneye n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mbere yo kugura. Menya neza ko agaciro ntarengwa n'umuvuduko wakoreshejwe atari imipaka, ahubwo ko hari ingano runaka.
④ Shyiraho fotocoupler neza
Duhisemo optocoupler ikwiye, reka tuyikoreshe mu mushinga nyawo. Gushyiraho ubwabyo biroroshye, huza gusa imiyoboro ihujwe na buri ruhande rw'injira n'urundi ruhande rw'isohoka. Ariko, ugomba kwitonda kugira ngo utita ku ruhande rw'injira n'urundi ruhande rw'isohoka. Kubwibyo, ugomba kandi kugenzura ibimenyetso biri mu mbonerahamwe y'amakuru, kugira ngo utazasanga ikirenge cy'ifotoelectric coupler kidakora neza nyuma yo gushushanya PCB board.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 29 Nyakanga-2023